Yes. A foreigner may start a Dutch business while living abroad, if the business has structural physical activity in the Netherlands and a Dutch business address. A residence permit matters only for a founder who moves. Most non-residents use a BV: a notarial deed, no statutory minimum capital, and the notary registers it with the KVK and the Belastingdienst.
This guide follows the order in which a foreign founder's decisions arrive when starting a business in the Netherlands, each with its statute and date. For the practical side of how to register a company in the Netherlands as a non-resident, see our main page; this guide explains the rules behind it.
Can a foreigner start a business in the Netherlands while living abroad?
Yes. The government's business portal says it in two sentences: "You can start a business in the Netherlands while you live abroad. You must have structural physical business activities in the Netherlands and you need to have a business address to do so." (business.gov.nl, Starting a business from abroad). Book 2 of the Civil Code sets no residence or nationality condition for a BV director (Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 2).
Starting the business gives no Dutch citizenship, and owning it gives no right to live in the Netherlands. The Aliens Circular closes the door from the other side: an application to work as a self-employed person is refused when the founder is on the payroll but lives outside the Netherlands, or invests money without carrying on business activity themselves (Vc 2000, B6/2.5). A founder with no private address abroad, the so-called digital nomad, cannot register a business themselves.
Whether a permit matters turns on one question: will you move?
Do you need a Dutch residence permit to start a business?
Only if you move. The table sets out six situations; the sections under it give the conditions.
Who needs a permit, by founder situation (2026). Sources: business.gov.nl, Vc 2000 B6/2.5, IND, RVO, Stb. 2024, 83.
| Founder | Permit needed to own and run the business? | Route if the founder moves | IND fee 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lives abroad, any nationality | No: structural physical activity and a Dutch business address are required | none needed | none |
| EU, EEA or Swiss national who moves | No | free movement; municipal registration (BRP) is free, by appointment | none |
| US or Japanese national who moves | Yes, to live and work | treaty (DAFT) permit; for a BV, substantial capital of at least 25% of paid-up capital, minimum EUR 4,500 | EUR 423 |
| Other non-EU national who moves, innovative product | Yes | start-up permit, one year, with an RVO-recognised facilitator | EUR 423 |
| Other non-EU national who moves, ordinary business | Yes | self-employed permit, points test of VV 2000 Annex 8a | EUR 423 |
| Wealthy investor without business activity | No route exists | investor permit abolished on 17 April 2024 | none |
- Will you live in the Netherlands?Go to the next questionNo permit; structural physical activity and a Dutch business address are required
- Are you an EU, EEA or Swiss national?No permit; municipal registration (BRP) is free, by appointmentGo to the next question
- Are you a US or Japanese citizen?Treaty (DAFT) permit; for a BV, substantial capital of at least EUR 4,500; IND fee EUR 423Go to the next question
- Is your product or service innovative?Start-up permit with an RVO-recognised facilitator; IND fee EUR 423Self-employed permit, points test of VV 2000 Annex 8a; IND fee EUR 423
IND decision period: 90 days, extendable to at most six monthsInvestor permit abolished on 17 April 2024
You keep living abroad
No permit is needed to own or direct the company from abroad. But being on your own BV's payroll while living abroad, or investing without carrying on the business yourself, is no route to residence (Vc 2000, B6/2.5).
You move: EU, EEA or Swiss national
No permit. The government's start-up plan tells EU citizens to skip the permit steps, and registration in the municipal Personal Records Database (BRP) is free and by appointment.
You move: US or Japanese citizen
US and Japanese citizens may use a treaty; for Americans, the Dutch American Friendship Treaty (DAFT). For a BV the Aliens Circular asks for substantial capital of at least 25 percent of paid-up capital, minimum EUR 4,500; borrowed money does not count. A shareholder with 25 percent or more, business risk and control over their own salary counts as self-employed. The IND fee is EUR 423 in 2026 (IND, Fees); see our page on the DAFT visa.
You move: other non-EU founders
The start-up permit lasts one year and requires a signed agreement with a facilitator recognised by the RVO (Netherlands Enterprise Agency), 31 of them as at 29 September 2026; the founder then continues under the self-employed scheme (the start-up visa page has the detail). The self-employed permit uses the points test of Annex 8a to the Voorschrift Vreemdelingen 2000: at least 30 points on each of experience, business plan and added value, or 45 and 45 on the first two. Income must reach EUR 1,766.77 gross profit a month (1 July to 31 December 2026); see which founders qualify for a Dutch self-employed residence permit. The decision period is 90 days by law, extendable by the IND to at most six months (IND, Decision periods).
Routes that do not exist
There is no investor permit: the residence ground for wealthy foreign nationals was abolished on 17 April 2024 (decree of 9 April 2024, Stb. 2024, 83). Owning a company is not a residence route either. Permanent residence comes only after five consecutive years of lawful, non-temporary residence, and can be refused when the civic integration requirement is unmet (art. 21 Vreemdelingenwet 2000).
Which legal form can a non-resident use?
Legal forms open to a non-resident founder (2026). Sources: Book 2 BW, Handelsregisterbesluit 2008, business.gov.nl, KVK.
| Form | Open to a non-resident? | Key fact |
|---|---|---|
| BV (besloten vennootschap, private limited company) | Yes, the usual vehicle | notarial deed, one founder suffices, no statutory minimum capital, at least EUR 0.01 paid in |
| NV (naamloze vennootschap, public limited company) | Yes | EUR 45,000 minimum capital; no electronic deed |
| Branch (nevenvestiging) of a foreign company | Yes | no new legal person; deed and articles may be deposited in English; no UBO registration for a branch-only presence |
| Sole proprietorship (eenmanszaak) | Only for a natural person meeting the KVK's from-abroad conditions; one per person | a foreign sole proprietorship is not a valid Dutch structure |
| Representative office | Not a legal status | need not register; may not contract or earn revenue |
| Non-EEA company run wholly or almost wholly from the Netherlands | Yes, with extra duties | formally foreign company: extra filings, Dutch director-liability and accounts rules |
Most non-residents use the BV: one founder suffices, the deed is notarial, and Book 2 sets no minimum capital, so at least EUR 0.01 is paid in (art. 2:175 and 2:178 BW Boek 2). The NV needs EUR 45,000 (art. 2:67 BW).
A foreign company can open a branch instead. It may deposit its deed and articles in English (art. 24 lid 4 Handelsregisterbesluit 2008) and files no UBOs when it is the only Dutch presence; the route is set out in registering a Dutch branch of a foreign company. A sole proprietorship is open only to a natural person who meets the KVK's conditions for registering from abroad, one per person; the conditions are in our guide to registering as self-employed in the Netherlands. A foreign sole proprietorship is not a valid Dutch structure, and "freelancer" or zzp'er is no legal structure at all. A representative office is not a legal status, and a non-EEA company run wholly or almost wholly from the Netherlands carries the extra duties of the Wet op de formeel buitenlandse vennootschappen. Each form's conditions are compared in our guide to Dutch business structures.
What are the steps to start a business in the Netherlands?
How to start a business in the Netherlands from abroad, in ten steps, with the official timing where one is published.
Decide on residence
Only a founder who moves needs a permit. The IND decides within 90 days, extendable to six months.
Choose the legal form
A BV, an NV, a branch or a sole proprietorship, each on its own conditions.
Secure a Dutch business address
Premises, a lease, or a third party's address with consent; never a P.O. box. No official time is published.
Check the name and any permit
The KVK Name Check covers the Business Register and the BOIP trade mark register; then check for a sector permit.
Incorporate
A BV: a paper deed in Dutch with a written power of attorney (no regulated time), or the electronic deed for EU nationals. A sole proprietor or VOF registers themselves; a branch by KVK appointment.
Register
Entry in the Handelsregister (Business Register) and the UBO register, EUR 85.15 in 2026. A legal person registers within one week of the deed.
Receive the numbers
The KVK number and RSIN; the VAT number follows within 10 workdays, unrequested.
Open the business bank account
After the KVK number; approval often takes 2 to 8 weeks.
Set up filing access
eHerkenning in the BV's name, or a tax service provider under chain authorisation.
Meet the first obligations
VAT returns, the corporate tax return, records and annual accounts.
Set by law or an official pagePractice indicationNo official time is published
- Decide on residenceYou; only a founder who moves needs a permitIND: 90 days, extendable to six months
- Choose the legal formYouNo official time is published
- Secure a Dutch business addressYou; never a P.O. boxNo official time is published
- Check the name and any permitYou, with the KVK Name CheckNo official time is published
- IncorporateThe notary, for a BVPaper deed: no regulated time Electronic deed: five or ten working days from completeness (art. 2:175a lid 3 BW)
- Register with the KVK and UBO registerThe notary files, for a legal personWithin one week of the deed (art. 20 Hrw 2007) Fee EUR 85.15 (2026)
- Receive the numbersThe KVK and the BelastingdienstVAT number within 10 workdays, unrequested
- Open the business bank accountThe bank, after the KVK numberApproval often 2 to 8 weeks (business.gov.nl)
- Set up filing accesseHerkenning, or a tax service provider under chain authorisationNo official time is published
- Meet the first obligationsThe business: VAT, corporate tax, records, annual accountsNo official time is published
A business can pre-register up to three months ahead and receives its KVK number by letter about a week before its start date. A business with no Dutch permanent establishment skips the KVK; if it owes Dutch VAT it registers with the Belastingdienst only, on the foreign company form, and hears back within a few weeks. A sole proprietor abroad who invoices without a Dutch branch need not register at all.
Which Dutch business address can you use?
The business cannot be registered without a Dutch business address, and the portal is explicit: "Please note: you cannot use a P.O. box address as your business address." (business.gov.nl, Starting a business from abroad). The address can be:
- Your own business premises in the Netherlands
- A lease or purchase contract for premises in the Netherlands
- A third party's address, with their signed declaration of consent
- Not a P.O. box, which the KVK never accepts
A third party's address, a bookkeeper's for example, needs a signed declaration of consent (toestemmingsverklaring). Starting a business in Amsterdam changes nothing: the same rule applies.
One market trap belongs here. Under the Wet toezicht trustkantoren 2018 (Wtt 2018), an address supplied together with bookkeeping, tax returns or legal work for the same company is a trustdienst (trust service) that needs a licence from DNB, and activities aimed at providing it are an offence (art. 1 limb b and art. 3 lid 4 sub a, base fine EUR 2,500,000; Wtt 2018). A registered address taken on its own is a different thing, described as a standalone service in our registered office overview.
Can you set up a Dutch company online from abroad?
Only some founders can. Book 2 has two routes to a BV, and nationality decides which one is open.
Paper deed and electronic deed for a BV (2026). Sources: Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 2, Kamerstukken 36085, notaris.nl.
| Paper deed | Electronic deed | |
|---|---|---|
| Who may use it | a founder of any nationality | nationals of an EU member state only (art. 2:175a lid 1 BW); a company founder through its authorised director |
| Language of the deed | Dutch (art. 2:176 lid 1 BW) | may be English (art. 2:176 lid 2 BW) |
| How the founder signs | appears before the notary, or signs a written power of attorney | on video, with an eID at assurance level high (ItsMe in practice) |
| Contributions | the general rules of Book 2 | cash only (art. 2:191a lid 4 BW) |
| Statutory time | none regulated | five working days (natural persons, model deed) or ten (other cases) from completeness; the KVK filing falls outside that clock (art. 2:175a lid 3 BW) |
An EU-recognised eID does not replace nationality: the parliamentary papers treat the two as separate conditions (Kamerstukken 36085 nr. 6). A US, UK, Indian or other non-EU founder therefore signs a written power of attorney, and the deed is executed on paper, in Dutch. Book 2 asks only that the power of attorney be in writing; whether the notary also wants it apostilled is the notary's practice, so ask the notary before signing abroad. A company can itself found a BV online, signing through its authorised director.
An online business is no exception to the address rule: a web shop or digital service run from abroad still needs structural physical activity in the Netherlands and a Dutch business address. The electronic route in depth, including the model deed, is on the online incorporation page.
Founding a BV from abroad by power of attorney? Tell us your nationality and plans, and we reply with the documents the notary will ask you for.
How does registration with the KVK, the Belastingdienst and the UBO register work?
Deadlines and who files
For a BV, NV or cooperative the notary files the first registration with the KVK and the Belastingdienst together. A legal person registers within one week of the deed, an enterprise in a two-week window around its start, and every later change within one week (art. 20 Handelsregisterwet 2007). With no director established in the Netherlands, the day-to-day manager there must also file (art. 18 lid 3). Before the first registration the directors are jointly and severally liable for company acts (art. 2:180 lid 2 BW). Not registering is punishable under the Economic Offences Act; filing failures are prohibited by art. 47 Hrw 2007. The fee, EUR 85.15 in 2026, is the same for every form and never paid in cash.
The numbers you receive
Registration gives an 8-digit KVK number and, except for a sole proprietor, an RSIN. Then: "Within 10 workdays after this registration, the Netherlands Tax Administration will provide you with a BTW number for VAT purposes. You do not need to apply for this." (business.gov.nl, LEI, RSIN, VAT and KVK number). The KVK number goes on every letter, order, invoice and quotation (art. 27 Hrw 2007). In September 2026 a change took the KVK 3 working days online, 7 by post.
The UBO entry
UBOs (ultimate beneficial owners: more than 25 percent, or effective control) are filed at registration, changes within 7 days. "It makes no difference if this person lives in the Netherlands or abroad, nor does their nationality." A sole proprietorship and a branch-only foreign company are exempt. Since 16 July 2025 access is limited to institutions under the Wwft and the Sanctions Act; a decree on legitimate-interest access is in preparation, undated.
How do you open a business bank account as a non-resident?
The bank comes after the KVK number. The government portal warns that "the approval process can take some time, often between 2 to 8 weeks", and that banks may charge a fee for extra checks (business.gov.nl, Opening a Dutch business bank account). On a foreign address its answer is short: "Rules differ between banks, so check before applying." Some banks accept a foreign address if at least one owner lives in the Netherlands, and a SEPA account held abroad in the business's name may serve.
Under art. 4 of the Wwft a bank completes client due diligence before the relationship starts, tied to the company's register and UBO entries. The documents involved are set out in what a Dutch bank asks a new company for under the Wwft.
No official source says a central bank forbids accounts for companies whose directors live abroad. The portals call a business account mandatory for a BV, but no provision of Book 2 requires one: it is guidance, not statute. No approval rates are published.
How much does it cost to start a business in the Netherlands?
The state's charges are small; the notary costs more, and notarial fees have no tariff. Every amount below is a state charge or an official indication; our fee does not appear.
What starting a business in the Netherlands costs in state charges (2026). Sources: Financiële regeling handelsregister 2019, Financieel besluit handelsregister 2014, Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 2, KVK, IND, Vc 2000.
| Item | Amount | Who charges | Basis | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KVK one-off registration fee | EUR 85.15, every legal form and filing method; tax-deductible; never in cash | KVK | Financiële regeling handelsregister 2019 art. 5 | 2026 |
| BV minimum capital | none in the statute; at least EUR 0.01 in practice | nobody | art. 2:178 BW | 2026 |
| Bank statement on capital | not required | nobody | art. 2:203a BW, repealed 1 October 2012 | 2012 |
| Notary for a BV (the KVK's indication, not a tariff) | EUR 500 to EUR 1,500, depending on the notary | the notaris | fees not set by tariff (Wna art. 54 lid 1) | KVK page edited 12 June 2026 |
| Certified extract | paper EUR 19.20; digital EUR 9.60 | KVK | Financiële regeling handelsregister 2019 arts. 1 and 2 | 2026 |
| BRP or RNI registration | free, by appointment | municipality | business.gov.nl | 2026 |
| eHerkenning | a fee is charged; the amount is not on the KVK page | supplier | KVK BV page | 2026 |
| Residence permit, only if the founder moves | EUR 423 each (DAFT, start-up, self-employed) | IND | IND fee table | 2026 |
| DAFT substantial capital, only for a US founder | at least 25% of paid-up capital, minimum EUR 4,500, kept in the business | nobody (not a fee) | Vc 2000 B6/2.5 | 2026 |
The notary range is the KVK's own indication, "depending on the civil-law notary you use": Dutch notarial fees are not set by tariff (art. 54 lid 1 Wet op het notarisambt), and the range is not our price. The EUR 4,500 DAFT floor is capital that stays in the business, not a fee.
On whether USD 5,000 is enough, no official source answers, and we invent no figure. The Dutch facts: a BV has no statutory minimum capital, the KVK fee is EUR 85.15 in 2026 (art. 5 Financiële regeling handelsregister 2019), and there is no general business licence. The itemised walk-through of the formation cost is in the first card at the end of this guide.
Do you need a business licence in the Netherlands?
No general business licence exists. The government portal names four types of permit, and some activities need a permit before the business starts: hospitality, healthcare, taxi transport and security (business.gov.nl, Permits for your business). The four types are:
- Immigration permits, for a founder or staff who move to the Netherlands
- Environment and planning permits
- Municipal permits
- Sector or professional permits
A food business registers with the NVWA after its KVK registration: a registration, not a licence. An online gambling licence application costs EUR 61,300 (art. 2.1(1) Regeling kansspelen op afstand, in force 1 April 2026). Financial services need authorisation from DNB or the AFM. Anyone hiring out workers needs admission under the Wtta from 1 January 2027, enforced from 1 January 2028.
What must the business do once it is registered?
Duties after registration (2026 rates). Sources: Hrw 2007, Book 2 BW, the tax statutes, Belastingdienst, business.gov.nl.
| Obligation | Rule | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Register changes | every registrable change within one week; KVK number on every letter, order, invoice and quotation | Hrw 2007 arts. 20 and 27 |
| UBO changes | within 7 days, foreign UBOs included, whatever their residence or nationality | business.gov.nl, UBO register |
| VAT | 21, 9 or 0 percent; KOR at EUR 20,000 or less of Dutch turnover; returns usually quarterly, due within one month for a Dutch-established business; a nil return is still due | Wet OB 1968 art. 9; Belastingdienst |
| Corporate income tax (BV, NV) | 19 percent up to EUR 200,000, 25.8 percent above (2026); return before 1 June for a calendar year, five-month extension available | Wet Vpb 1969 art. 22; business.gov.nl |
| Dividend withholding tax | 15 percent | Wet DB 1965 art. 5 |
| Records | kept at least seven years, ten for immovable property | art. 2:10 BW; business.gov.nl |
| Annual accounts (BV and NV) | drawn up within five months of year end, extendable by five; filed within eight days of adoption, at the latest twelve months after year end | arts. 2:210 and 2:394 BW |
| Filing access | BV, NV, VOF, CV and maatschap: eHerkenning only; sole trader: DigiD, a European login or eHerkenning | Belastingdienst |
VAT
Dutch VAT is charged at 21, 9 or 0 percent (art. 9 Wet op de omzetbelasting 1968). With Dutch turnover of EUR 20,000 or less a year a business can opt into the small businesses scheme (KOR) and charge no VAT. Returns are usually quarterly, due within one month for a Dutch-established business (two months only for foreign companies); a nil return is still due.
Corporate income tax and dividends
A BV or NV pays corporate income tax of 19 percent on profit up to EUR 200,000 and 25.8 percent above it (2026, art. 22 Wet op de vennootschapsbelasting 1969). The return is due before 1 June for a calendar year, extendable by five months. Dividend withholding tax is 15 percent (art. 5 Wet op de dividendbelasting 1965).
Records and annual accounts
Records are kept at least seven years. A BV or NV draws up its annual accounts (jaarrekening) within five months of year end, extendable by five, and files them within eight days of adoption, at the latest twelve months after year end (arts. 2:210 and 2:394 BW). A missed filing is improper management and a presumed cause of a later bankruptcy, with a three-year look-back (art. 2:248 BW); a corporate director's liability passes to the natural persons behind it (art. 2:11 BW).
Filing access
A Dutch BV logs in to the Belastingdienst with eHerkenning only. It buys eHerkenning in its own name with its KVK number, or authorises a tax service provider. A business that cannot or need not register with the KVK, for example one based abroad, can get a Belastingdienst-only eHerkenning without a KVK number. The products are compared in our guide to eHerkenning for a Dutch BV.
What changes for starters in 2027 and 2028?
Five changes carry dates. Intentions before parliament can still change; enacted measures are law.
Changes ahead for starters, as at 4 October 2026. Sources: business.gov.nl, Stb. 2026, 159, Stb. 2024, 434, Handelsregisterwet 2007.
| Change | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Startersaftrek (starter's deduction, sole traders): EUR 2,123 now; EUR 10 in 2027; phased out from 2028 | government intention, Belastingplan 2027 before parliament; can still change | business.gov.nl |
| Random depreciation for starters ends 1 January 2028 | announced, not in force | business.gov.nl |
| Admission under the Wtta for anyone hiring out workers from 1 January 2027, enforcement from 1 January 2028 | enacted (commencement decree) | Stb. 2026, 159 |
| 30 percent ruling: flat 30 percent in 2025 and 2026, 27 percent from 1 January 2027 | enacted | Stb. 2024, 434 |
| UBO register access for a legitimate interest | decree in preparation; no date | art. 22a Hrw 2007 |
The 30 percent ruling is an employee allowance, not a founder scheme: an employer may pay a recruited employee from abroad up to 30 percent tax-free in 2026 when the salary exceeds EUR 48,013, with a 2026 cap of EUR 78,600, reached at a salary of EUR 262,000. Readers who search for "30 ruling netherlands" will find the conditions in our guide.
What do foreign founders most often get wrong?
The risks of doing business in the Netherlands from abroad are mostly misread rules:
- Assuming a permit is needed just to own a Dutch company
- Assuming a salary from your own BV gives a residence right while abroad
- Assuming limited liability starts only once the capital is paid in
- Acting for the company before its first registration
- Giving a P.O. box as the business address
- Buying a "local director" or an address-plus-bookkeeping package from an unlicensed provider
- Filing the annual accounts late
The sixth item needs a sentence of law. Acting as director for a client, supplying an address together with bookkeeping, tax or legal work, and selling or mediating in the sale of legal entities are trustdiensten that need a DNB licence, and activities aimed at providing them are an offence under art. 3 lid 4 sub a Wtt 2018, with a base fine of EUR 2,500,000. A "local director" from a provider without that licence is an unlicensed trust service.
A buyer of an existing BV is a party to a notarial share transfer (art. 2:196 BW), not the customer of a company sale; see what a buyer inherits with a Dutch shelf company.
From our practice
Joost van Leeuwen, Company formation and company law lead, eleven years on Dutch company files, assembles the file the notary works from and follows the deed to the KVK and UBO filings. For a founder outside the EU, the first check is the written power of attorney: Book 2 requires writing only (art. 2:176 lid 1 BW), so whether it needs an apostille is asked of the notary before anything is signed abroad.
Reviewed by Ilse Brouwer, Tax, VAT and licensing lead, on 4 October 2026.
Sources
Official sources, read between 29 September and 4 October 2026.
- business.gov.nl, Starting a business in the Netherlands from abroad
- Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 2, arts. 2:10, 2:11, 2:67, 2:175, 2:175a, 2:176, 2:178, 2:180, 2:196, 2:203a, 2:210, 2:248 and 2:394
- Kamerstukken 36085 nr. 6, online incorporation of the BV
- Handelsregisterwet 2007, arts. 18, 20, 22a, 27 and 47
- Financiële regeling handelsregister 2019, arts. 1, 2 and 5
- Vreemdelingencirculaire 2000 (B), B6/2.5
- IND, Fees
- IND, Decision periods
- business.gov.nl, Opening a Dutch business bank account
- business.gov.nl, Permits for your business
- Wet toezicht trustkantoren 2018, arts. 1 and 3
- business.gov.nl, LEI, RSIN, VAT and KVK number: which is which?
- KVK, Registration fee: https://www.kvk.nl/en/registration/registration-fee/
- Financieel besluit handelsregister 2014, arts. 1 and 3: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0034829
- business.gov.nl, Registration at the KVK: https://business.gov.nl/starting-your-business/registering-your-business/registration-at-the-netherlands-chamber-of-commerce-kvk/
- business.gov.nl, Private limited company (BV): https://business.gov.nl/starting-your-business/choosing-a-business-structure/private-limited-company-bv/
- Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 2, version in force from 1 July 2026, art. 2:191a: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0003045/2026-07-01/0
- KNB, Incorporating a private limited company digitally: https://www.notaris.nl/de-notaris/incorporating-a-private-limited-company-digitally
- Kamerstukken 36085 nr. 3, explanatory memorandum: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/kst-36085-3.html
- KVK, Registering a Dutch BV or NV: https://www.kvk.nl/en/registration/registering-a-dutch-bv-or-nv/
- Wet op het notarisambt, art. 54: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0010388
- business.gov.nl, Step-by-step plan to start a business: https://business.gov.nl/starting-your-business/preparations/step-by-step-plan-how-to-start-a-business-in-the-netherlands/
- KVK, Current processing times: https://www.kvk.nl/en/help-and-contact/current-processing-times/
- business.gov.nl, UBO register: https://business.gov.nl/regulations/ubo-register-ultimate-beneficial-owner/
- Staatsblad 2026, 125, UBO access: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2026-125.html
- Wet ter voorkoming van witwassen en financieren van terrorisme (Wwft), art. 4: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0024282
- business.gov.nl, Applying for eHerkenning: https://business.gov.nl/regulations/applying-for-eherkenning/
- Belastingdienst, This is how eHerkenning works: https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/en/business/content/this-is-how-eherkenning-works
- Belastingdienst, logging in by legal form: https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/nl/betalenenontvangen/content/buitenlands-rekeningnummer-doorgeven-of-wijzigen
- business.gov.nl, How to set up a start-up in the Netherlands: https://business.gov.nl/starting-your-business/starting-situations/how-to-set-up-a-startup-in-the-netherlands/
- RVO, Facilitators for start-ups: https://english.rvo.nl/topics/residence-permit-foreign-startups/facilitator-startups
- business.gov.nl, Residence permit for foreign start-ups: https://business.gov.nl/coming-to-the-netherlands/permits-and-visa/residence-permit-for-foreign-startups/
- Voorschrift Vreemdelingen 2000, art. 3.20 and Annex 8a: https://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0012002&artikel=3.20
- IND, Required amounts and income requirements: https://ind.nl/en/required-amounts-income-requirements
- Vreemdelingenwet 2000, art. 21: https://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0011823&artikel=21
- Staatsblad 2024, 83, decree of 9 April 2024: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2024-83.html
- business.gov.nl, Moving your business to the Netherlands: https://business.gov.nl/starting-your-business/starting-situations/moving-your-business-to-the-netherlands/
- KVK, Registering a sole proprietorship if you live abroad: https://www.kvk.nl/en/registration/how-do-i-register-a-sole-proprietorship-if-i-live-abroad/
- business.gov.nl, Registering with the Netherlands Tax Administration: https://business.gov.nl/starting-your-business/registering-your-business/registering-with-the-netherlands-tax-administration/
- business.gov.nl, What qualifies you as a Dutch entrepreneur: https://business.gov.nl/starting-your-business/preparations/what-qualifies-you-as-a-dutch-entrepreneur/
- Regeling kansspelen op afstand, art. 2.1: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044767/2026-04-01/0
- business.gov.nl, All tax schemes for starting companies: https://business.gov.nl/finance-and-taxes/deductibles-and-schemes/all-tax-schemes-for-starting-companies/
- Staatsblad 2026, 159, Wtta commencement: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2026-159.html
- Wet op de vennootschapsbelasting 1969, art. 22: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002672/2026-01-01/0
- Wet op de dividendbelasting 1965, art. 5: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002515
- Wet op de omzetbelasting 1968, arts. 9 and 25a: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002629
- Belastingdienst, Filing a VAT return: https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/bldcontenten/belastingdienst/business/vat/vat_in_the_netherlands/filing_vat_return_and_paying_vat/filing_a_vat_return/
- business.gov.nl, Filing your corporate tax return: https://business.gov.nl/finance-and-taxes/filing-tax-returns/filing-your-corporate-tax-return-vpb-in-the-netherlands/
- Staatsblad 2024, 434, 30 percent ruling: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2024-434.html
- business.gov.nl, Foreign entities and branches: https://business.gov.nl/running-your-business/legal-forms-and-governance/foreign-entities-and-branches/
- Handelsregisterbesluit 2008, art. 24: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0024067
- KVK, Registering foreign companies in the Business Register: https://www.kvk.nl/en/registration/registering-foreign-companies-in-the-business-register/
- Wet op de formeel buitenlandse vennootschappen: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0009191
- KVK, The KVK number: https://www.kvk.nl/en/about-the-business-register/kvk-number-all-you-need-to-know/
- business.gov.nl, Registration with the NVWA: https://business.gov.nl/regulations/registration-and-accreditation-netherlands-food-and-consumer-product-safety-authority/
- Uitvoeringsbesluit loonbelasting 1965, art. 10eb: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002489
- Belastingdienst, The 30 percent ruling, content of the scheme: https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/bldcontentnl/belastingdienst/zakelijk/internationaal/personeel/u_bent_niet_in_nederland_gevestigd_loonheffingen_inhouden/als_u_loonheffingen_gaat_inhouden/extraterritoriale_kosten_en_de_30procentregeling/inhoud_van_de_regeling/inhoud_van_de_regeling
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